Other inorganic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include road application salt calcium chloride , nickel II chloride for electroplating , and zinc chloride for the galvanizing industry and battery production. Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength.
Because the hydration of sulfuric acid is thermodynamically favorable and is highly exothermic and the affinity of it for water is sufficiently strong, sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent. Nitric acid is normally considered to be a strong acid at ambient temperatures. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. Nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia to give ammonium nitrate. The other main applications are for the production of explosives, nylon precursors, and specialty organic compounds.
It is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide is also used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. It is used in the Bayer process of aluminium production. Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids. Sample of sodium hydroxide as pellets in a watchglass. Public Domain; Walkerma.
It is a colorless crystal or white powder. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, or pickling lime. One significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant , in water and sewage treatment. It is also used in fresh water treatment for raising the pH of the water so that pipes will not corrode where the base water is acidic, because it is self-regulating and does not raise the pH too much.
It is also used in the preparation of ammonia gas NH 3 , using the following reaction:. Another large application is in the paper industry, where it is an intermediate in the reaction in the production of sodium hydroxide.
Because of its low toxicity and the mildness of its basic properties, slaked lime is widely used in the food industry :. Although common in nature and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. Ammonia is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.
This chemical is an organic salt that is rich in nitrogen and sulphur, making it ideal as a soil fertiliser. It is also useful as a fire retardant because it increases the combustion temperature threshold of materials. It is produced by the reaction of ammonia and sulfuric acid:. Other types of synthetic fertilisers produced by using sulfuric acid as a reactant include superphosphate of lime and calcium dihydrogenphosphate.
Sulfuric acid is also used in the mass production of other industrial chemicals like hydrochloric acid , nitric acid , pigments and dyes, explosives, and pharmaceutical products. The acid is also crucial in manufacturing rayon. Refining fossil fuel into gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and other petroleum products would be very difficult without sulfuric acid. Without sulfuric acid, plastics are almost impossible to mass-produce.
Sulfuric acid is very useful in processing metals, such as during cleaning and electroplating processes. This step is crucial in preventing rust or the oxidation of iron or steel. The layer of tin or zinc serves as extra protection against oxidation. The cellulose from trees and recycled paper is processed using sulfuric acid. The cellulose is converted into pulp, which then can be processed into paper by adding a binding agent.
When it comes to household applications, sulfuric acid is mainly used as the active ingredient in many cleaning products. From industrial-strength drain cleaners to detergents, sulfuric acid is very effective because of its corrosive property. It can effectively dissolve both organic and inorganic materials.
In lower concentrations, sulfuric acid is used as an ingredient in powdered laundry detergents, hand soap, dishwashing liquid, and as components of pet shampoos. However, not all products of these types have sulfuric acid content. Arguably, the most common and widespread use of sulfuric acid in daily life is as battery electrolytes.
The global use of batteries in cars and in renewable energy sources like solar and wind power systems makes sulfuric acid indispensable at the moment. Although there are alternatives like lithium batteries, lead batteries are still the most common because they are cheaper to manufacture. As previously mentioned, sulfuric acid has a wide range of industrial applications.
It is essential in manufacturing pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, and serves as a precursor and reagent in many industrial chemical reactions. It was prepared by Johann Van Helmont in the s by destructive distillation of green vitriol ferrous sulfate and by burning sulfur. Burning sulfur with saltpeter potassium nitrate was first used to prepare sulfuric acid in the 17th century. By the midth century, John Roebuck had invented the lead chamber process which used nitrogen oxides as an oxidant.
The contact process, wherein the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide is performed by oxygen air over a catalyst, was originally developed about by Peregrine Phillips in England. In discretionary production, the mining of sulfur or sulfur-bearing minerals pyrites is the sole objective, based on the voluntary mining of discrete deposits to obtain maximum economic recovery.
In non-discretionary production, sulfur or sulfuric acid is recovered as an involuntary by-product, the quantity of which is subject to the demand for the primary product alone.
The lead chamber process has now been almost completely superseded by the contact process in the industrial production of sulfuric acid. Much of the sulfuric acid produced by the lead chamber process is utilized in the making of fertilizers, since the acid is relatively dilute.
In contrast, the contact process can make acid of any desired concentration. Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's sulfuric acid production has been a reasonably good indicator of its industrial strength for the last century or so. Here are some of the growing number of end-users and applications using sulfuric acid. As a highly important chemical compound, sulphuric acid is used in the manufacturing process of a number of well-known chemicals including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and many other industrial chemicals.
The process of refining crude oil requires the use of an acid as a catalyst and Sulphuric acid is often used for this purpose.
Today, the use of sulphuric acid for this purpose has decreased a little as the industry now favors the use of hydrochloric acid. Although hydrochloric acid is more expensive than sulphuric acid, it produces results more quickly and minimizes the loss of base metal during the pickling process.
The textile Rayon is made from cellulose fibers derived from wood. These are dissolved in a solution of Tetra Amine Copper II to produce a thick blue liquid which is then injected into sulphuric acid to form Rayon fibers.
Rayon is considered to be a good semi-synthetic textile and can rival silk for drape and luster. It is easily dyed and the fabric is soft, cool and smooth. However, unlike silk, Rayon does not insulate body heat so is perfect for use in humid and hot countries. Sealed-unit lead-acid type batteries are used in the automotive industry for cars and trucks.
Sealed-unit lead-acid type batteries were invented in by Frenchman Gaston Plants. Sulphuric acid is used in a dilute form to act as an electrolyte to allow the flow of electrons between the plates in the battery. Sulphuric acid used in this way is commonly called Battery Acid. It can vary in strength according to the battery manufacturer but is generally between 28 to 32 percent or between 4.
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