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Infect Immun , 69 , —7. Vaccine , 11 , — Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. These risk factors include:. In many countries, TB is much more common than in the United States. Travelers should avoid close contact or prolonged time with known TB patients in crowded, enclosed environments for example, clinics, hospitals, prisons, or homeless shelters.
Certain germs that cause bacterial meningitis, such as L. But most of these germs spread from one person to another. How people spread the germs often depends on the type of bacteria. It is also important to know that people can have these bacteria in or on their bodies without being sick. Here are some of the most common examples of how people spread each type of bacteria to each other:.
People usually get sick from E. Pregnant people with a Listeria infection may not have any symptoms or may only have a fever and other flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue and muscle aches. However, infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-threatening infection of the newborn, including meningitis.
Pregnant women can pass group B Streptococcus group B strep to their baby during delivery. Newborns infected with group B strep can develop meningitis or other serious infections soon after birth. Talk with your doctor or midwife about getting a group B test when you are 36 through 37 weeks pregnant. Doctors give antibiotics during labor to women who test positive in order to prevent infections in newborns. Newborns and babies may not have, or it may be difficult to notice the classic symptoms listed above.
Instead, babies may. Typically, symptoms of bacterial meningitis develop within 3 to 7 days after exposure; note, this is not true for TB meningitis, which can develop much later after exposure to the bacteria. People with bacterial meningitis can have seizures, go into a coma, and even die. For this reason, anyone who thinks they may have meningitis should see a doctor as soon as possible. If a doctor suspects meningitis, they will collect samples of blood or cerebrospinal fluid fluid near the spinal cord.
The most effective thing you can do to protect you and your children from meningitis is to get immunised. Vaccines that protect against some common causes of life-threatening bacterial meningitis and septicaemia are routinely available in many parts of the world. Meningitis vaccines are routinely given to babies from the age of 2 months onwards. Young children have less developed immune systems than older age groups which means that they are at increased risk.
Meningococcal bacteria are a leading cause of meningitis and septicaemia across the globe. Six groups of meningococcal bacteria cause the most disease globally. These are groups:. Since UK teenagers have been routinely offered the MenACWY vaccine at around 14 years of age in response to a rapid rise in a particularly deadly strain of MenW disease.
Vaccines which protect against MenC are routinely given to children in the UK at months of age with a booster dose for teenagers at 14 years.
The UK MenC vaccination programme has been a huge success. Before the MenC vaccine was introduced in there were over cases of disease every year. Nowadays we only see around 40 of cases of MenC each year. It is also recommended as a travel vaccine for certain destinations.
Find out more Vaccines against other bacterial meningitis types Pneumococcal vaccine and its use in the UK Pneumococcal vaccines are routinely given in childhood in many countries across the world. Before the childhood vaccine was introduced in the UK serious pneumococcal infections killed approximately 50 children under the age of 2 every year. About one third of these deaths were as a result of meningitis.
The UK introduced the vaccine in in and prior to its introduction Hib was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children, causing about cases each year. Since introduction of the vaccine Hib meningitis and septicaemia has almost been eliminated in the UK and Ireland.
A complete list of all the vaccines that are routinely offered in the UK free of charge on the NHS and the ages at which they should ideally be given is available here.
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