Istanbul had a detailed city plan for reconstruction during this time. Migration was prohibited. Building houses around the city wall was prohibited. Coffee houses were introduced to Istanbul during this period. He was succeeded by his son Selim II. Wife Hurrem Daughter Mihrimah.
Suleiman also reformed the tax system, dropping extra taxes imposed by his father and establishing a transparent tax rate system that varied according to people's income. Hiring and firing within the bureaucracy would be based on merit, rather than on the whims of higher officials or family connections. All Ottoman citizens, even the highest, were subject to the law. Suleiman's reforms gave the Ottoman Empire a recognizably modern administration and legal system more than years ago.
He instituted protections for Christian and Jewish citizens of the Ottoman Empire, denouncing blood libels against the Jews in and freeing Christian farm laborers from serfdom. Suleiman the Magnificent had two official wives and an unknown number of additional concubines, so he bore many offspring. His first wife, Mahidevran Sultan, bore him his eldest son, an intelligent and talented boy named Mustafa. His second wife, a former Ukrainian concubine named Hurrem Sultan, was the love of Suleiman's life and gave him seven sons.
She started a rumor that Mustafa was interested in ousting his father from the throne, so in Suleiman summoned his eldest son to his tent in an army camp and had the year-old strangled to death. This left the path clear for Hurrem Sultan's first son Selim to come to the throne. Unfortunately, Selim had none of the good qualities of his half-brother and is remembered in history as "Selim the Drunkard. In , the year-old Suleiman the Magnificent led his army on a final expedition against the Hapsburgs in Hungary.
The Ottomans won the Battle of Szigetvar on September 8, , but Suleiman died of a heart attack the previous day. His officials did not want word of his death to distract and discomfit his troops, so they kept it a secret for a month and a half while the Turkish troops finalized their control of the area.
Suleiman's body was prepared for transport back to Constantinople. To keep it from putrefying, the heart and other organs were removed and buried in Hungary.
Today, a Christian church and a fruit orchard stand in the area where Suleiman the Magnificent, greatest of the Ottoman sultans , left his heart on the battlefield. Suleiman the Magnificent vastly expanded the size and significance of the Ottoman Empire and launched a Golden Age in Ottoman arts. Achievements in the areas of literature, philosophy, art, and architecture had a major impact on both Eastern and Western styles.
Some of the buildings constructed during his empire still stand today, including edifices designed by Mimar Sinan. Actively scan device characteristics for identification.
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Ascent to the Throne. Battling Oppressive Christian Regimes in Rhodes. Into Europe's Heartland. Also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, he was the tenth Ottoman sultan and fourth one to rule from Istanbul. He presided over a large empire and ruled longer and more heroically than any other Ottoman sultan.
The Ottoman Empire reached its peak under his rule both in terms of political and economic power and development of Turkish art and architecture. To the east, the Ottoman forces wrested control of Iraq from the Safavids of Iran. In the Mediterranean, their navy captured all the principal North African ports, and for a time the Ottoman fleet completely dominated the sea. Suleiman was born two years after Columbus sailed to America.
His father was Selim the Grim, a title he earned by slaying his father, two brothers and 62 other relatives. Suleiman himself had his son and best friend strangled before him with a silken bowstring. Some historians say he was manipulated into performing these deeds by his wife, Roxelena, a former slave girl from the the Ukraine, who maneuvered her son into position to be sultan. Not much is known about the private of life of Suleiman and Roxelena, but they did leave behind some juicy love letters.
Suleiman once wrote "I am the sultan of love. He wrote poems about the loneliness of his position, his servitude to state, his acceptance of destiny and his love of beautiful things. He loved most all to write poems to Roxelana. His strength owed much to the work his father Selim had done in stabilising government, removing opposition, frightening but not succesfully conquering the Safavid Empire of Iran into adopting a non-aggression policy, and conquering the Mamluk empire of Egypt and Syria.
These conquests, which united the lands of Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean under a single ruler, brought a time of peace and stability, under which the Empire flourished. His father had seen to that by executing his own brothers and their sons, and all 4 of Suleiman's brothers. The Ottoman Empire now included so much of the territory where Islam was practiced, and so many of the Islamic holy places, that Suleiman was widely regarded as the religious leader of Islam, as well as the earthly ruler of most Muslims.
When Suleiman ascended to the throne in , two of his first decisions were to free 1, Egyptian and Iranian prisoners captured by his father and compensate merchants for goods his father had confiscated.
These and other similar actions helped him earn the title Suleiman the Lawgiver. Under Sulyeman shariah law was elevated to higher level than in other Muslim states. It became the law of the land for all Muslims and it was practiced with a high degree of uniformity in Shariah courts throughout the empire by quadis legal experts and muftis legal assistants. Not only did the courts meet out justice they also created a bond between the local people, especially in Arab regions, and the sultan.
For the most part, Ottoman subject were happy tolive under shariah law. Suleiman cracked down on corruption, reformed, simplified and codified the legal system. He passed laws that attempted to wipe out discriminatory practices against Christians and eliminated some of crueler punishments given of criminals. The United States Congress recognizes him as one of the grea lawmakes of history. Suleiman also had his cruel and capricious side. He often ordered the execution of prsioners after a battle and began the customs of not speaking to foreign diplomats when they presented their credentials.
Vienna was besieged unsuccessfully during the campaign season of North Africa up to the Moroccan frontier was brought under Ottoman suzerainty in the s and s, and governors named by the sultan were installed in Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. In Kurdistan and Mesopotamia were taken from Persia. The latter conquest gave the Ottomans an outlet to the Persian Gulf, where they were soon engaged in a naval war with the Portuguese.
Egypt, Mecca, and the North African provinces were governed under special regulations, as were satellite domains in Arabia and the Caucasus, and among the Crimean Tartars. In addition, the native rulers of Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and Ragusa Dubrovnik were vassals of the sultan.
Suleiman was a great patron of the arts. Trained as a goldsmith, he personally oversaw the the work of craftsman in Topkapi and commissioned the great architect Mimar Sinan to build great mosques such as Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul and Selimiye Mosque in Edirne and reconstructed the Grand Mosque in Mecca.
Istanbul was the largest city in Europe and the Ottoman Empire was perhaps the most powerful politcial entity in the world. It acted as a protector for France and Poland and received envoys from India and Sumatra who asked for Ottoman help combating the Portuguese in Asia. Medicine was practiced at a high level. An observatory was built in Communication channels were open with West. News of new discovereies in the New World poured in.
Plans were made for a Suez Canal and a canals between the the Don and Volga rivers. He was the son of a sailor at Parga, and had been captured by corsairs, by whom he was sold to be the slave of a widow at Magnesia.
Here he passed into the hands of the young prince Suleyman, then Governor of Magnesia, and soon his extraordinary talents and address brought him promotion From being Grand Falconer on the accession of Suleyman, he rose to be first minister and almost co-Sultan in Ibrahim was not only a friend, he was an entertaining and instructive companion.
He read Persian, Greek and Italian; he knew how to open unknown worlds to the Sultan's mind, and Sulevman drank in his Vezir's wisdom with assiduity. They lived together: their meals were shared in common; even their beds were in the same room. The Sultan gave his sister in marriage to the sailor's son, and Ibrahim was at the summit of power.
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