The 12th dynasty kings ensured the smooth succession of their line by making each successor co-regent, a custom that began with Amenemhet I. Middle-Kingdom Egypt pursued an aggressive foreign policy, colonizing Nubia with its rich supply of gold, ebony, ivory and other resources and repelling the Bedouins who had infiltrated Egypt during the First Intermediate Period.
The kingdom also built diplomatic and trade relations with Syria , Palestine and other countries; undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries; and returned to pyramid-building in the tradition of the Old Kingdom. The 13th dynasty marked the beginning of another unsettled period in Egyptian history, during which a rapid succession of kings failed to consolidate power.
As a consequence, during the Second Intermediate Period Egypt was divided into several spheres of influence. The official royal court and seat of government was relocated to Thebes, while a rival dynasty the 14th , centered on the city of Xois in the Nile delta, seems to have existed at the same time as the 13th.
The Hyksos rulers of the 15th dynasty adopted and continued many of the existing Egyptian traditions in government as well as culture.
They ruled concurrently with the line of native Theban rulers of the 17th dynasty, who retained control over most of southern Egypt despite having to pay taxes to the Hyksos. The 16th dynasty is variously believed to be Theban or Hyksos rulers. Conflict eventually flared between the two groups, and the Thebans launched a war against the Hyksos around B.
Under Ahmose I, the first king of the 18th dynasty, Egypt was once again reunited. During the 18th dynasty, Egypt restored its control over Nubia and began military campaigns in Palestine , clashing with other powers in the area such as the Mitannians and the Hittites. In addition to powerful kings such as Amenhotep I B. The controversial Amenhotep IV c. The 19th and 20th dynasties, known as the Ramesside period for the line of kings named Ramses saw the restoration of the weakened Egyptian empire and an impressive amount of building, including great temples and cities.
According to biblical chronology, the exodus of Moses and the Israelites from Egypt possibly occurred during the reign of Ramses II B. All of the New Kingdom rulers with the exception of Akhenaton were laid to rest in deep, rock-cut tombs not pyramids in the Valley of the Kings, a burial site on the west bank of the Nile opposite Thebes.
Most of them were raided and destroyed, with the exception of the tomb and treasure of Tutankhamen c. The splendid mortuary temple of the last great king of the 20th dynasty, Ramses III c. The kings who followed Ramses III were less successful: Egypt lost its provinces in Palestine and Syria for good and suffered from foreign invasions notably by the Libyans , while its wealth was being steadily but inevitably depleted.
The next years—known as the Third Intermediate Period—saw important changes in Egyptian politics, society and culture. The 22nd dynasty began around B. Many local rulers were virtually autonomous during this period and dynasties are poorly documented. In the eighth century B. Under Kushite rule, Egypt clashed with the growing Assyrian empire. In B. One of them, Necho of Sais, ruled briefly as the first king of the 26th dynasty before being killed by the Kushite leader Tanuatamun, in a final, unsuccessful grab for power.
Persian rulers such as Darius B. The tyrannical rule of Xerxes B. One of these rebellions triumphed in B. In the mid-fourth century B. Barely a decade later, in B. Akhenaten Tutankhamun Haremhab Ramesses I Seti I Merneptah Amenmesse Siptah Ramesses III Ramesses IV Hight Priests HP of Amun. HP Herihor. Third Intermediate Period. HP Djedkhonsefankh.
HP Painedjem II. Dynasty 22 Libyan. Late Period. Dynasty 25 Nubian. Piye establishes Nubian Dynasty in Egypt. Shabaqo Shebitqo Taharqo loses control of Lower Egypt Tanutamani loses control of Upper Egypt. Dynasty 26 Saite. Psamtik I X. Apries Amasis Dynasty 27 Persian. Nectanebo II Artaxerxes III Ochus. During this time, Confucianism became the official state religion, and the Silk Road—a trade route from Asia to southern Europe and East Africa—was established.
In C. Han rule was followed by a period known as the Three Kingdoms. During the Three Kingdoms period C. The region further broke apart into the northern and southern territories between and C. Although it was short-lived, the Sui dynasty managed to unify the northern and southern territories.
In the year C. The Tang dynasty — C. Mongol Takeover A period of warring followed the Tang dynasty. The Song dynasty lasted until C. The Mongols then ruled China as the Yuan dynasty from until C. The Yuan dynasty was overthrown in C.
The Ming emperors expanded the Great Wall of China to preserve the crumbling borders. Invading Manchu forces eventually ended the Ming dynasty in C. The Qing empire was relatively stable. However, the 19 th and 20 th centuries brought China into increasing conflict with Western powers.
China then became a republic. The United States is a republic. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit.
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