The hippocampus is found in the temporal lobe below the cerebral cortex. Although we often refer to it in the singular, there are actually two hippocampi—one in each cerebral hemisphere. The term hippocampus comes from the Greek word for seahorse, because when it is removed from the brain, the hippocampus vaguely resembles a seahorse see picture below.
The hippocampus is a brain structure thought to play a critical role in memory. Although suspected to be involved with memory for some time, the importance of the hippocampus in this respect was solidified in the twentieth century by the case of a patient named Henry Molaison. Molaison, who was known simply as H. In that surgery, much of his hippocampi were either removed or damaged.
The surgery was successful in controlling Molaison's seizures, but afterwards he suffered from severe anterograde amnesia , meaning that his ability to form new memories was impaired. In fact, Molaison was completely unable to form new explicit memories memories that involve conscious recollection of facts or experiences.
Molaison retained some memories from before the surgery—although memories that were closer in time to his surgery were less stable—and his procedural memory memory for non-conscious procedures like using a fork or riding a bike was still functional.
But due to his implicit memory deficits, Molaison was forced to live entirely in the present; each day brought with it no recollection of the day before. Another patient named Clive Wearing experienced hippocampal damage after suffering from encephalitis , and is living with a deficit very similar to Molaison's. Neuron 37, — Hassabis, D.
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No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Mathews Ave. The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior Rachael D.
Watson 1 , Melissa C. Duff 2,3 and Neal J. Cohen 1. The Network of Brain Structures Supporting Flexible Cognition and the Hippocampus Flexible cognition is often discussed in the context of executive function, supporting the ability to switch between competing goals, as well as contributing to high-level human behavior, such as planning, organizing, and decision-making e. The Hippocampus Supports Flexible Cognition Through the Encoding and Flexible Expression of Relational Memory Representations Early neuropsychological studies in patients with hippocampal amnesia provided crucial insight into the organization of human memory and its instantiation in the brain, such that damage to the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe MTL structures resulted in a profound but circumscribed amnesia e.
The Hippocampus and Flexible Memory Representations are Critical in Many Cognitive Abilities and Complex Social Behaviors We suggest that the flexibility afforded by hippocampal representations permits various pieces of information to be called upon promiscuously to support diverse and complex cognitive and social abilities. Research suggests that exercise may help protect the hippocampus from the detrimental effects of aging.
Some research suggests that stress associated with PTSD may also lead to damage to the hippocampus. There are a few different factors that can affect the function of the hippocampus:.
Age can also have a major impact on the functioning of the hippocampus. Those who experience such a loss may show significant declines in memory performance. The hippocampus may also play a role in contributing to the development of addictions. Because drugs and alcohol affect the brain's reward systems, the hippocampus creates memories of these satisfying experiences.
It also may help form memories of environmental cues associated with substance use that can contribute to intense cravings when these cues are encountered again. The term hippocampus is derived from the Greek word hippokampus hippo meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster" because the structure resembles the shape of a sea horse. The structure was first described by the anatomist Julius Caesar Aranzi. Because the hippocampus has been known of and observed for centuries, it is one of the most studied areas of the brain.
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